1991-10-04 PC Minutes Special
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SPECIAL MEETING
OCTOBER 4, 1991
SUNSHINE KENNELS
PRESENT:
Ralph Ackerman
Ann Bednarczyk
Bill Radzwill
Patti Salzwedel
Donatus Vetsch
The purpose of this meeting was not to discuss complaints which
have been filed against Sunshine Kennels, but to determine what
action must be taken and what timeframe must be met in order for
Sunshine Kennels to meet minimum requirements of both State
Statutes and City Ordinances.
After much discussion the following
some of the items which both Mr.
Albertville could live with:
was agreed upon
Ackerman and the
as being
Ci ty of
COMPLETION
DEADLINE
AREA OF NON-COMPLIANCE
ACTION TO BE TAKEN BY SUNSHINE KENNELS
10-30-91
HEAT in kennels. Will place one electric heat lamp
in each kennel. Heat lamps will be temperature
controlled. Temperature in kennels will be
maintained at no less than 50 degrees Farenheit at
all times.
10-30-91
Ventilation in kennels. Will put ventilator on roof
(size will be determined by capacity of ventilator)
and will install vents in the front of each
individual kennel to aid in proper air exchange.
Air must be exchanged at a rate of 6 to 10 times
per hour.
11-30-91
Walls and floors must be made to be impervious to
moisture. Will install marlite-type material, as
in sample brought to meeting, on all interior walls
of individual kennels and will install black
plastic, as in sample brought to meeting, on all
interior floors of individual kennels. All seams
are to be cau 1 ked wi th a good grade of si 1 icone
caulk.
04-01-92
RUNS. All runs will be of poured cement with the
proper slant to allow drainage of waste and will
be provided with proper disposal of waste water.
Size of runs to be of ample size to allow dog to
break into full run.
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SPECIAL MEETING
SUNSHINE KENNELS
OCTOBER 4, 1991
PAGE 2
05-01-91
SHADE. Mr. Ackerman agrees to provide shade for
all runs.
The previously mentioned completion dates
extensions, provided that Mr. Ackerman has
effort to meet these dates.
wi 11 be
shown a
subject to
good faith
Mr. Ackerman has also agreed to keep us advised as to any potential
problem areas which might arise and with regard to his progress in
completing the above mentioned items.
It was also understood that Mr. Mike Couri will look into the issue
regarding the proper square footage required for the number of
puppies allowed at Sunshine Kennels, and what the statutes require
with regard to providing proper exercise areas for the puppies.
I t was discussed and agreed that the Bui Iding Inspector
inspect and approve all improvements in accordance with
applicable City, County, and State Ordinances and Statutes.
will
all
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Don Owners
". ~ HOme
VeTeRIDaRY
~ Handbook
by
DeLBeRT G. CaRLSon, D.~m.
and James m. GIFFIn, m.D.
FIRST EDITION
Eleventh Printing-1987
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Problems may be caused by over-worming with harsh preparations.
They are stressful to the dog. irritate his intestines. :lnd actually may lower
his resistance to the worms.
Consult the accompanying table to learn ahout some of the currently
recommended deworming agents. Certain dewormers should not be given to
dogs with cuexistent illnesses. such as heanworms. Others can react
.ldversely with drugs your dog has taken recently. It is not s.lfe to use cenain
drugs on breeding animals or those who are pregnant. It is hest to check with
your veterimlrian before using one of those preparations.
The Brood Bitch
Before breeding your female have her stool checked. If parasites are
found. she should receive a thorough deworming. This will not protect her
puppies from all worm infestation. However, it will help to put her in the
best condition for a healthy pregnancy.
How to Control Worms
The life cycles of most canine worms are such that the possibility of
reinfestation is great. To keep worms under control. you must destroy eggs
or larvae before they infest the dog. This means good sanitation and
maintaining clean dry quarters for your dog.
Dogs should not be kenneled on dirt runs. A water-tight surface. such as
cement. is the easiest to keep clean. Hose it down daily and allow it to dry
thoroughly. Disinfect with boiling water and lysol. Gravel is a good
substitute. Usually it provides good drainage and it is easy to remove stools
from gravel. Gravel can be disinfected with lime. salt or borax. Remove
stools from the pens daily.
Lawns should be cut short and watered only when necessary. Stools in
the yard should be removed at least once a week.
FIeas. lice. mice -and other rodents are intermediate hosts for the
tapeworm. It is necessary to get rid of these pests in order to control this
disease (see Premises Contra!).
Dogs should not be allowed to roam and hunt. They could catch and
devour ra\y .meat. ingest carrion or parts of dead animals. Be sure to cook
__...-. thoroughly all fresh meat before feeding it to your dog (see Tapeworms).
Kennels that have continuous problems with worms often have other
problems. too. They include skin, bowel and respiratory difficulties. Steps
should be taken to improve the management of the kennel, especially
sanitation measures.
Heartworm preparations, given to prevent dirofUaria immitis. also are
partiaUy effective against roundworms (Caricide). and round and hook-
worms (Styrid-Caricide). These agents are given daily in low dosages. The
effect lasts only as long as you give the medication. Used in this manner,
they serve mainly to prevent infection.
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DISEASES CAUSED BY CERTAIN WORMS
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RoundwonDs(Ascands)
Adult roundworms, which Jive in the intestine, are one to seven inches
long. A female may lay 200,000 eggs in a day. These eggs are protected by a
hard shell. They are extremely hardy and can live for months or years ip !b~
soil.
Dogs acquire the disease through contact with soil containing the eggs.
Eggs, entering via the oral route, hatch in the intestine. Larvae are carried to
the lungs by the bloodstream. Here. they become mobile, crawl up the
windpipe and are swallowed (this may cause bouts of coughing and gagging).
They return to the intestine and develop into adults. This sequence occurs
mainly in.the young puppy.
In the older dog. only a few larvae return to the intestine. The others
encyst in tissue and remain dormant. During the late stages of pregnancy t
these dormant larvae are released. re-enter the circulation and are carried to
the unborn puppies. Circulating larvae also get to puppies via the breast
milk.
Deworming the dam before or during pregnancy does not prevent
roundworm infestation of unborn puppies; medications do not work on
encysted larvae. Accordingly t many puppies are born with roundworms.
Roundworms do not cause much difficulty in adult dogs. A severe
infestation in puppies, however, can lead to death. Puppies with a heavy
roundworm infestation have a pot-bellied appearance and a dull coat. The
usual signs are vomiting (sometimes of worms), diarrhea, loss of weight and
failure to thrive. Worms may be passed in the stool. Typically, they look like
white earthworms or strands of spaghetti which are alive and moving.
Roundworms can cause a disease in humans called visceral larva
migrans. A few cases are reported each year. usually from areas with a mild
climate. There is often a history of dirt~ting (of soil contaminated by the
eggs). Children are most likely to be affected. Because man is not the normal
host, the immature worms do not become adults. Instead, they migrate into
tissues and wander aimlessly, causing fever, anemia, liver enlargement,
pneumonia and other ill effects. Usually, the disease rons its course in about
a year. It is prevented most effectively by controlling infestation in the dog
through periodic deworming and good sanitation (see Parasite Con/rol).
Treatment: A Piperazine component (Antepar) is the safest dewormer
for roundworms and for this reason is the agent of choice for puppies.
Puppies should be dewormed by three weeks of age to prevent contamina-
tion of their quarters by roundworm eggs. A.second course should be given
two to three weeks later to kill any adult worms which were in the larvae
stage at the first deworming.
. PiPerazine dewormers can be obtained from your veterinarian or a pet
shop. You do not have to fast your dog before using this agent. Be sure to
follow the directions of the manufacturer in regard to dosage.
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Dichlorvos (Task) is effective against roundworms, hookworms. and
whipworms. It is somewhat harsher than Piperazine. It should not be givesn
to heartworm positive dogs. Dogs who have been treated with insecticides,
and those wearing a flea collar. should not be treated within a week. Use
under veterinary guidance.
Telmintic (Mebendazole) is effective against roundworms. hookworms.
tapeworms and whipworms. Its disadvantage is that it must be given for
three to five consecutive days. It should be used under veterinary guidance.
Caricide and Styrid-Caricide given in low do~es to prevent heartworms
also keep roundworms under control. It is advisable to treat first with a
more effective agent and then to maintain a worm-free state with these
products. Styrid-Caricide also helps control hookworms.
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Hookworms (Ancylostoma)
Hookworms are small thin worms about one-fourth to one-half inch
long. They fasten to the wall of the small intestine and draw blood from the
host.
The. dog acquires the disease through contact with larvae in contami.
nated soil or feces. The immature worms migrate to the intestine where they
become adults. In about two weeks, the dog begins to pass eggs in the feces.
Unborn puppies can acquire hookworms while still in the uterus.
Newborns can acquire the disease from the milk of an infected dam. They
may sicken and die rapidly.
The typical signs of acute hookworm infestation are anemia and
diarrhea. Stools characteristically are bloody, wine-dark or tarry-black.
Usually this condition affects puppies at two to eight weeks of age.
Occasionally it is seen in older dogs.
Chronic hookworm infection usually is not a problem in the adult dog.
When it occurs, the signs are diarrhea, anemia, weight loss and progressive
weakness. The diagnosis is made by fInding the eggs in the feces.
Many puppies and adults who recover from the disease become
carriers via cysts in the tissue. During periods of stresS or some other illness,
a new outbreak can occur as the larvae are released.
A disease in humans called cutaneous larvae migrans (creeping erup-
tion) is caused by the hookworm (A. brasiliense). It is due to penetration of
the skin by larvae present in the soil. It causes lumps, streaks beneath the
skin, and itching. The condition is self-limited.
Treatment: A number of agents are effective against hookworms.
Canopar is effective against hookworms only. Dichlorvos, Telmintic, and
Styrid-Caricide are effective against other worms as well (see Roundworms).
Disophenol (DNP) is a hookworm preparation which must be given by
subcutaneous injection. Consult your veterinarian before using any of these
agents.
Puppies with acute signs and symptoms require intensive veterinary
management.
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Tapeworms (C~stod~s)""
These worms also live in the small intestine. The scolex (head) of
the parasite fastens itself to the wall of the gut by hooks and suckers. The
body is composed of segments containing the egg packets. Tapeworms vary
in length from less than an inch to several feet. To cure tapeworm infection.
the scolex must be killed and purged.
The body segments containing the eggs are passed in the feces. Fresh
moist segments are capable of moving. They are about a quarter of an inch
long. Sometimes you wiJI see them adhering to the fur about your dog's anus
or in his stool. When dry, they resemble kernels of rice.
Dogs can acquire severdl different kinds of tapeworm. One is due to
eating uncooked me:,lt or discarded animal parts. Another is acquired by
c.tting raw fresh fish. Commonly, the disease is transmitted by the flea. The
dog must bite or swallow the flea which harbors the immature tapeworms in
its intestine. Fleas acquire the parasite by eating tapeworm eggs.
Apart from a change in the texture and condition of the coat. the
common tapeworm rarely causes significiant iJJ effects. Severe infestations
can cause a mild diarrhea. loss of appetite, or reduction in weight. Unless
there is a heavy infection, probably you will not notice tapeworm segments
in the feces.
Children can acquire a tapeworm if they accidentally swallow an
infective flea.
A more serious disease in man is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus
gra/lulosus. This disease is found in cattle. sheep, deer, elk. pigs. horses and
other domestic livestock. The dog acquires the infection by eating uncooked
meat or the carcass of an animal infected with Echinococcus granulosus
larvae. Man acquires the disease directly by contact with eggs present in the
feces of the dog.
The eggs do not produce worms in humans. as man is not a natural host.
Instead. they produce large cysts in the liver, lungs and brain. These cysts
are called hydatids. A serious or even fatal illness can result.
Prevention: The common dog tapeworm can be prevented by control-
ling fleas and other insects (see Premises Control).
Echinococcus granulosus is found in the southern. western and south-
western United States. in areas where sheep and cattle are common. A
number of cases are reported each year. Dogs should not be permitted to
have access to dead animals or offal. Do not give your dog uncooked meat or
raw game to eat.
If you live in a rural area where Echinococcus granulosus could be a
problem. ask your veterinarian to check your dog's stools for tapeworms
twice a year. This species of tapeworm can be identified only after the head
has been recovered by effective deworming. Accordingly, dogs infected with
a tapeworm of unknown type must be handled with extreme caution to avoid
fecal contamination of the hands and food, until a definite diagnosis is
forthcoming.
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Tr~atm~nt: Niclosamide (Yomesan) is effective against all the common
dog tapeworms. Other suitable remedies are Nemural. Scolaban. and
Telmintic. Use under veterinary guidance.
Whipwonns (Trichuris vu/pi.r)
The adult whipworm is two to three inche:c; long. It is thread-like for the
most part but is thicker at one end. This gives it the appearance of a whip.
The adult lives in the first part of the large intestine (cecum). It fastens
itself to the wan of the gut. The female lays fewer eggs than most worms.
Infestations are frequently light. Therefore. it is sometimes difficult to detect
the presence of whipworms. even after several stool examinations.
Heavy infestation.~. .do occur in dogs where the soil is badly contami-
nated with eggs. These' dogs lose weight. appear unthrifty and frequently
h41ve diarrhea. Periodic stool checks may be advisable in such areas to
identify the presence of these worms.
Tr~atm~nt: A number of preparations are effective against whipworms.
They include MiJibis. Dichlorvos. Telmintic. and Whipcide. Repeated stool
checks are required to assure success. as false negatives are common.
Usually several courses of treatment are required to eliminate the infesta-
tion.
Threadworms (S'rongyloid~s stercora/is)
Threadworms are small round worms which live in the intestine and are
able to infect both man and dogs. Eggs and/or larvae are passed in the feces.
The life cycle of the threadworm is complex. The disease may be acquired
by ingestion of the larvae or direct penetration of the skin of the body by
larvae present in contaminated soil.
Puppies with threadworms may suffer from profuse watery diarrhea and
signs of lung infection. The disease might be mistaken for distemper.
The hazard to human health is variable. There are several geographi-
cally separate strains which vary in their ability to infect man. Humans living
in tropical climates are affected most commonly. Only a few ca~s are
reported in temperate zones.
Treatm~nt: At present. the deworming agent of choice is Thiaben-
dazole. It must be given once a day for five days, and repeated monthly as
required. Several negative stool examinations should be obtained before
concluding that your dog is free of threadworms.
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Infectious Diseases
GENERAL INFORMA nON
Infectious diseases are caused by bacteria~ viruses. protozoa and fungi
which invade the body of a susceptible host and cause an illness.
Infectious diseases are often transmitted from one animal to another by
contact with infected urine. feces and other bodily secretions; or inhalation
of germ-laden droplets in the air. A few are transmitted via the genital tract
when dogs mate. Others are acquired by contact with spores in the soil
which get into the body through a break in the skin.
Bacteria are single-ceUed germs. while the virus, the tiniest germ known
and even more basic than a celI~ is simply a package of molecules. Although
germs exist virtually everywhere, only a few cause infection. Fewer still are
contagious - i.e., capable of being transmitted from one animal to another.
Many infectious agents are able to survive for long periods outside of the
host animal. This information is especially useful in controlling the spread of
infectious diseases.
AndbodJes and Immunity
An animal who is immun~ to a specific germ has chemical substances in
his system called antibodies which attack and destroy that germ before it can
cause an illness.
Natural immunity exists which is species-related. A dog does not catch
a disease which is specific for a horse, and vice versa. Some infectious
diseases are not specific. They are capable of causing illness in several
species of animals.
If an animal is susceptible to an infectious disease and is expose:d, he
will become ill and begin to make antibodies against that particular germ.
When he recovers, these antibodies afford protection against reinfection.
They continue to do so for a variable length of time. He has a~uired active
immunity.
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INFECTIOUS DISEASES
57
Supportive treatment is important since in most cases the acute pha3e of
the illness lasts a few days. perhaps ten days. and is followed by recovery in
uncomplicated cases.
Sulfonamides and antibiotics have been used to treat coccidiosis. Re.
sponse is slow once the signs of disease are apparent. Currently a drug ~ed
amprolium. used in the treatment of this disease in poultry, is the agent of
choice in the United States. It is effective against only one stage in the life
cycle of the protozoan. Therefore, it must be continued until. all protozoan
that reach this stage are destroyed. Mix it with the dog' s food or water at a
rate of SO to 100 mgllb body weight per day. This eliminates oocyst! from the
stools in seven to twelve days. In kennels where coccidiosis is a problem.
amprolium is used on all. six-week-old puppies before they are sold or
shipped.
Known carriers should be isolated and treated. At the same time their
quarters and runs should be washed down daily with lysol and boiling water
to destroy oocysts. Otherwise they will reinCect themselves.
Toxoplasmosis
This protozoan disease affects all animals including man. Cats by far are
the more common source of the infection. but the disease can occur in the
dog. The exact mode of transmission is unknown. Possibly it is due to
ingestion of oocysts in contaminated soil. or the eating of wild game or
uncooked meat. Transmission through the placenta from mother to offspring
is possible.
Toxoplasmosis often is asymptomatic. When symptomatic it affects the
brain. lymphatic system and lungs. Young puppies with toxoplasmosis may
show signs of pneumonia. hepatitis and encephalitis. Serological blood tests
are necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
About half the human adult population shows serological evidence of
having been exposed in the past. The disease. is a real hazard to human
health when a pregnant woman without prior immunity is exposed to the
disease. Birth defects. largely involving the central nervous system. do
occur.
Treatment: This disease is difficult to recognize. Effective medications
are available for the dog but should be used under veterinary supervision.
Public health measures in regard to cats are ineffective because cats
roam freely and hunt raw meat. It is easier to control the disease in dogs.
They can be fenced and supervised.
Few people are willing to give up owning a pet because of an infrequent
disease. A blood test can be requested to see if an animal has acquired
immunity through prior exposure. A pet with an immune antibody level is
safer than one without.
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skin spots help to keep them in check. Cortisone is used to control itching
and redness. Topical and oral antibiotics are used for the treatment of
secondary bacterial infection.
Collie Nose (Nasal Solar D~rmatUis)
This skin condition. which usually affects Collies. Shetland Sheepdogs,
and related dogs, is discussed in the chapter NOSE.
RIngworm (Fungus Inf~ction of Skin)
Ringworm is not a'.worm but a plant-like growth which lives on the
surface of the skin. The majority of cases are caused by the fungus
Microsporum canis.
Ringworm gets its name from its appearance-a rapidly spreading circle
having hair loss at the center and a red ring at the margins. This skin disease
is t~nsmitted to dogs by other animals and man, or to dogs by contact with
spores in the soil. Humans can pick up ringworm from dogs and vice versa.
Children should avoid handling dogs with ringworm, as they are especially
likely to catch the disease. Adults seem relatively resistant.
Ringworm grows in circular patches one-half inch to two inches in size.
Although simple ringworm is not an itchy condition, scabs and crusts can
form, leading to draining sores. Cases do occur in which skin involvement is
extensive. Ringworm also invades toenails. When the nails grow out they are
usually deformed.
Mild cases of ringworm, with just hair loss and local scaliness, often
resemble localized demodectic mange or dry seborrhea. A diagnosis of
ringworm can be made if the skin glows green under ultra-violet light. This
test is positive in only about one-half the cases. Microscopic examination of
skin scrapings, and fungus cultures, are more certain.
Tnatm~nt: Clip away the infected hair at the margins of the ringworm
patch and bathe the skin with Weldol or Betadine shampoo to remove dead
scales. One or two small patches can be treated with a fungistatic solution
(Tinactin) which can be purchased at a drug store without a prescription. For
more extensive involvement, or patches that do not seem to be getting better
with. topical solutions, your veterinarian may wish to prescribe a drug called
Griesofulvin (Fulvicin). It is given by mouth in a daily dose of 10 to 20
milligrams per pound, or at weekly intervals in a larger dose. It should not be
given to pregnant females as it could be dangerous to unborn puppies. It is
also a good idea to give a single large dose (100 milligrams per pound) as a
preventative to other animals on the premises who are not infected but have
been exposed. Infected sores should be treated with a topical antibiotic
ointment (Panolog).
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INPECTIOUS DISEASES
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CoccfdJoldomycosfs. In most dogs this is a mild respiratory infection. but
the systemic fonn can spread to virtually ail organs of the body. It is found in
dry dusty parts of the southwestern United States and in California. This is
not the same disease as coccidiosis. which is caused by a protozoan. The
signs of systemic illness resemble those of histoplasmosis.
PROTOZOAN DISEASES
Protozoans are one.celled animals. They are not visible to the naked eye
but may be seen under the microscope. A fresh stool specimen is required to
find the parasites. They are responsible for six major infectious diseases in
dogs. as discussed below.
The life cycle of protozoans "is. complicated. Basically, infection results
from the ingestion of the cyst Corm (oocyst). Cysts invade the lining of the
bowel where they mature into adult forms and are shed in the feces. Under
Cavorable conditions they develop into the infective Corm.
CoccidfosJs
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This is a common protozoan disease found usually in young dogs.
although adult dogs are not immune. It is especially severe in litters of
nursing puppies. It is a serious problem in the southern United States but can
occur in the northern states. Usually it occurs in connection with filth.
overcrowding. poor sanitation. and the housing of dogs in cold damp
quarters.
Puppies can acquire the infection from contaminated premises. or from
their mother if she is a carrier. When kennel sanitation is poor, puppies
reinfect themselves from their own feces. The disease spreads rapidly
through a kennel.
Five to seven days after the ingestion of oocysts. infective cysts appear
in the feces. The entire cycle is complete in a week. The first signs can be a
mild diarrhea which progresses until the feces become mucus-like and tinged
with blood. There is loss of appetite. weakness. dehydration and anemia.
Often this is accompanied by a cough, runny nose and a discharge from the
eyes - much like distemper.
Coccidia can be found in the stools of puppies without causing problems
until some stress factor such as an outbreak of roundworms or shipping
reduces their resistance. Dogs that recover can become carriers. They
remain in good health but can suffer relapses when afflicted with some other
disease, such as distemper. Carriers and dogs with active infection can be
identified by finding adult oocysts in a microscopic slide of fresh stool.
Treatment: Stop the diarrhea with a Neomycin-Kaopectate antidiarrhea
preparation. A severely dehydrated or anemic dog may need to be hos-
pitalized for fluid replacement and blood.
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